The Paleolithic Diet, Part II: What is the Evidence?

In The Paleolithic Diet, Part I: A New Look at Our Oldest Diet, I described the background and nature of the modern Paleolithic diet, popularly known as the Paleo diet and medically known as the ancestral human diet. The Paleo diet eliminates grains and dairy and consists of lean meats, fish, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and berries.

But, is there evidence for this diet? On one level, evidence comes from general medical science as it struggles to answer, why, despite the most advanced medical treatments available, health in the U.S. seems to be declining. A consensus is slowly developing that we are straying ever further from our natural diet and have made rash decisions with minimal or flawed evidence. Journalist Marni Jameson, in the article A reversal on carbs published in Los Angeles Times December 20, 2010, quotes Dr. Frank Hu, Professor of Nutrition and Epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health:

The country's big low-fat message backfired. The overemphasis on reducing fat caused the consumption of carbohydrates and sugar in our diets to soar. That shift may be linked to the biggest health problems in America today.

And, quoting Dr. Walter Willet, Chairman of the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health:

Fat is not the problem. If Americans could eliminate sugary beverages, potatoes, white bread, pasta, white rice and sugary snacks, we would wipe out almost all the problems we have with weight and diabetes and other metabolic diseases.

As part of this reassessment of contemporary dietary advice, evidence favoring the ancestral human diet is slowly building. Many persons have adopted this new (yet, very old) nutritional approach out of frustration. Their passionate, self-reported cases, describe how they have overcome obesity, anorexia, diabetes, and other forms of malnutrition. (Some of these cases can be found through PaleoTerran.com. Select Success Stories in the right hand menu.)

Research Studies

One of the earliest research studies on the Paleolithic diet, performed by Kevin O’Dea, was published in Diabetes in June 1984. Ten Australian Aborigines, who as young adults had moved from the Outback to rural areas, and then became overweight and developed type 2 diabetes, were asked to consider returning to the Outback and eating like they had during their childhood.  They agreed and, as described by Dr. Loren Cordain in The Paleo Answer, for 7 weeks lived on “kangaroos, birds, crocodiles, turtles, shellfish, yams, figs, yabbies (freshwater crayfish), freshwater bream, and bush honey.” The results: “the average weight loss in the group was 16.5 pounds; blood cholesterol dropped by 12%, and triglycerides reduced by a whopping 72%. Insulin and glucose metabolism became normal, and their diabetes effectively disappeared.”

In a study published in Cardiovascular Diabetology in July 2009, Jönsson and colleagues investigated whether 13 persons with type 2 diabetes would do better on a diabetes diet or on the Paleolithic diet. Even though the study was small, it was designed in a powerful manner called a randomized cross-over study. The subjects were placed on a Paleolithic diet and a diabetes diet “during two consecutive 3-month periods.” The results were clear: study participants became healthier on the Paleolithic diet. Their weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) were lower and their waist circumference was smaller on the Paleo diet. In addition, they had lower diastolic blood pressures, improved diabetic blood test (HbA1c, blood glucose) and lower triglycerides, along with higher levels HDL cholesterol (the good cholesterol).

In August 2009, Dr. Frasetto and colleagues published a study in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition on the effects of the Paleolithic diet in 9 inactive volunteers that were not obese. The Paleolithic diet was matched to the same number of calories they had previously consumed. After just ten days on the Paleolithic diet, all had lower blood pressure, improved oral glucose tolerance test, and  “large significant reductions in total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides.” Their health on the Paleo diet markedly improved even though they consumed the same number of calories as they had previously. In addition, as Dr. Cordain noted, “What is most amazing about this experiment is how rapidly so many markers of health improved – and that they occurred in every single patient.”

How does the Paleolithic diet compare to the Mediterranean diet? In a separate study in the November 2010 issue of Nutrition & Metabolism, Jönsson and colleagues compared the satisfaction provided by both diets. (In medical terms, we are “satiated” when the meal satisfies our appetite.) Fourteen persons ate a Paleolithic diet of “lean meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, root vegetables, eggs, and nuts” and 15 were on Mediterranean diet consisting of “whole grains, low-fat dairy products, vegetables, fruit, fish, and oils and margarines.” The results: calorie for calorie, the Paleolithic diet was more satiating. It takes more calories with the Mediterranean diet to satisfy hunger, another win for the Paleolithic diet.

Summary

In summary, the modern Paleolithic diet is an approximation of the ancestral human diet consumed before the advent of agriculture and animal husbandry. It has been our diet for over 90% of our existence and is part of our genetic heritage. The Paleolithic diet is non-inflammatory, an important factor in disease prevention. While the evidence is just developing, the Paleolithic diet is proving to be an important means to reclaiming our original health. The story is just beginning.  

(Article initially published in Living Well magazine)

Read Part 1 here.

Ancestral Diet Resources

The ancestral diet, also known as Paleo or primal diet, is an approximation of the original diet of our ancestors living before the development of agriculture and animal husbandry that occurred around 10,000 years ago. They usually ate lean meats, fish, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and berries. Studies reveal that our ancestors were taller and healthier than many people living today. Below are some books, websites, and a DVD to help you learn about this new (and yet very old!) dietary lifestyle.

BOOKS

The Paleo Diet: Lose Weight and Get Healthy by Eating the Foods You Were Designed to Eat (2010) - Dr. Loren Cordain is a top expert on the nutrition of our ancestors. This book should serve as the main gudie for the Paleo diet.

The Paleo Answer (2012) - Dr Cordain’s new book provides more detail and answers common questions about the Paleo diet.

The Paleo Diet Cookbook: More than 150 recipes for Paleo Breakfasts, Lunches, Dinners, Snacks, and Beverages by Loren Cordain, Nell Stephenson, and Lorrie Cordain.

Primal Blueprint Quick & Easy Meals. This primal cookbook was written by Mark Sisson and Jennifer Meier.

WEB SITES

Marks Daily Apple – this very popular site covers diet, fitness, and other aspects of primal health. Check the Success Stories link, especially The Unconquerable Dave.

Everyday Paleo – this popular site by Sarah Fragoso has plenty of recipies. Sarah is also the author of the Everyday Paleo cookbook and Paleo Pals, the first children’s book on Paleo nutrition.

MOVIE (DVD)                       

At the age of 24, CJ Hunt had a health crisis - one that led him to explore a number of human diets is search of the best possible choice to achieve a “longer, healthier and happier” life. The movie, In Search of the Perfect Human Diet, documents his journey. Ready to learn why the Paleo diet may be the best for you? Hunt has already done a lot of the groundwork for you. Order your DVD here or ask your local library to order it.

If you are on a special diet for health reasons, discuss the Paleo diet with your doctor before making changes. Also discuss with your doctor if you have high blood pressure or diabetes since your medications may need to be lowered. Also, if you are on Coumadin or have hemochromatosis, discuss this diet with your doctor before you start.                                               

PaleoTerran.com

Revised 9/16/12

Mocha Muffins (or dare I say Cupcakes?)

Whole Wheat bread (glycemic index 72) increases blood sugar as much as or more than table sugar or sucrose (glycemic index 59).  

Dr. William Davis, MD

By Leslie Why Reap

First of all, I don’t eat anything that doesn’t taste really good.  Second of all, I don’t typically (80% rule) eat things that are not high quality and nutrient dense.   So in an effort to bring you great taste and pretty decent nutrient density, I baked, tasted and reviewed this recipe for you today.  I deem it blog worthy, I hope you will agree!   I made these wheat/gluten/grain free treats two ways, the first batch with butter and then to make them dairy free, second batch with coconut oil.  Both batches  came out moist, springy and not too sweet but sweet enough (especially if you were to ice them).

Click to read more ...

Becoming Paleo, Part 1: The Yale Food Addiction Scale

Posted by John Michael

Society’s strong motivation to lose weight combined with the tremendous amount of energy and resources spent on the “obesity epidemic” suggests that the problem of obesity is not driven by a lack of motivation or effort.

Preliminary Validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale

I’ve known about the Paleo Diet for several years, ever since my dad started altering his eating habits to match those set out in Dr. Loren Cordain’s book The Paleo Diet: Lose Weight and Get Healthy by Eating the Food You Were Designed to Eat. “The fact is,” Dr. Cordain writes on his website, “that virtually our entire physiologies operate exquisitely when they are functioning in the native human ecological niche in which they evolved – employing both the diet and exercise level of a hunter-gatherer.” I’d always had problems with diet and exercise (like many Americans, according to the statistics), so when my father told me about the Paleo Diet, I was interested, but acquiring it didn’t seem feasible, because, while I recognized that this diet was probably my best option, I couldn’t control my eating habits, which were driven by cravings that appeared out of my control, and the Paleo Diet is all about restricting what we eat to the foods that our hunter-gatherer ancestors enjoyed. The diet remained in my head, a seeming impossibility until recently, when Yale University published the Yale Food Addiction Scale, and I decided to take control of my eating habits. 

The Yale Food Addiction Scale is a survey designed to detect and measure the severity of food addiction. While food addiction’s not fully recognized by the medical establishment as a disorder, several studies have been conducted to explore the possibility of its existence. Although some of these studies seem strange, like the one which found that rats preferred high doses of sugar to comparable doses of cocaine, or the one which studied the fierce sweet tooth that former alcoholics can develop, others are serious attempts to define what food addiction is and to create tools that measure it. (Interestingly, all of these studies suggest that food addiction is caused by the exorbitant excitation of reward circuits that evolved in our brains during the times of our hunter-gatherer ancestors. This leads me to speculate that perhaps food addiction is due to an excessive stimulation of these reward circuits, which evolved in the absence of “high fat and high sugar foods,” and which were perhaps never meant to be as stimulated as they are today.)

After reading about the release of the Yale Food Addiction Scale, I decided to take it myself, because I had recognized my own eating problem in the articles that I had read about it. The survey, composed of twenty-seven items, is based on the American Psychiatric Association’s substance dependence criteria, as well as other scales “used to assess behavioral addictions, such as gambling, exercise, and sex.” As I took this survey, my eating problem began to take shape in my mind. It was most revealed by the items that I scored highly on. The first sixteen items are statements, like, “I find that when I start eating certain foods, I end up eating more than planned,” that the participant scores from 0 to 4, with 0 being “never,” 1 being “once a month,” 2 “2-4 times a month,” 3 “2-3 times a week,” and 4 “4 or more times daily.” Among the statements that I marked 4 on were, “I find myself continuing to consume certain foods even though I am no longer hungry,” “I have consumed certain foods to prevent feelings of anxiety, agitation, or other physical symptoms that were developing,” and, “My behavior with respect to food and eating causes significant distress.” The second to last item asks participants to check foods that they “have problems with.” Which foods did I mark? Ice cream, hamburgers, cheeseburgers, soda pop, chocolate, doughnuts, and cookies.

Like I’ve told students in the classroom, the first step in solving a problem is recognizing that you have one. I had known for years that I had a problem with eating, and now, with the Yale Food Addiction Scale, I had begun to take the second step in problem-solving: observing the problem that you have, so that you can figure out a way to solve it. 

Stay tuned for Becoming Paleo, Part 2: The Anxiety Barrier.

Related Posts
Becoming Paleo, Part 2: The Anxiety Barrier 
Becoming Paleo, Part 3: Breaking the Anxiety Barrier 
Becoming Paleo, Part 4: The Projections of Anxiety 

John Michael is a traveling writer and a teacher with a deep interest in humankind’s connection to the natural world. Learn more.